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For better or for worse, the holiday season is associated with the giving and receiving of gifts. Gifts are exchanged between those we are close with, including family members and friends. Gifts are exchanged between acquaintances, such as coworkers or local service providers (think mail carrier or hairdresser). Gifts may also be given or received among those with which we have no relationship, or anonymously (adopting a family, donating time or money to a charity).
With so many gifts being passed around in so many contexts, it’s an opportune time to talk about some of the potential issues one must be mindful of when considering gifting within the therapeutic relationship—be it during the holiday season or any other time of year.
It may seem only natural to exchange gifts in therapy. After all, in therapy, a close bond may be established, great care and concern are typically expressed, and when the rapport is strong, there may be a genuine like between the parties. The giving of gifts may also be thought of as a means to show appreciation or honor a special stage in therapy.
But not so fast. Although gifts may seem appropriate between a person in therapy and their therapist, receiving and giving gifts can be a source of stress for the therapeutic relationship. It can hurt therapeutic progress, and it can have serious consequences. Professional ethics codes typically caution therapists from giving or receiving gifts within a therapy relationship. For example, the American Counseling Association Code of Ethics (2014) advises counselors to consider the therapeutic relationship, monetary value of gifts, and the motivation for accepting or declining gifts from people they serve, and the American Psychological Association Code of Ethics (2010) requires that psychologists avoid personal and financial situations that could create a conflict of interest.
Such standards are meant to protect people in therapy from exploitative or manipulative therapy tactics and relationships. These standards are also meant to protect therapists. For example, if a therapist was presented with a gift of value, they may feel pressured to give preferential treatment or refrain from challenging the gift giver. Exchanging gifts may also suggest or invite a change in the nature of the therapeutic relationship—from a professional relationship to a relationship that is too casual, too friendly, or potentially provocative.
Where some mental health professionals might draw a hard line on gifting in either direction, others may see a sliver of gray area. While there are possible pitfalls and ethical complications to consider, there are also ways in which gifts might legitimately be argued to be potentially helpful and culturally appropriate. For example, if a child draws their therapist a picture, it may be hurtful to the child if the therapist rejects the drawing. Another example: After visiting their homeland, an individual brings their therapist a small gift of tea from their country. It might be unnecessarily complicated to explain why accepting the gift is a bad idea, particularly if giving gifts is a meaningful part of that person’s culture and rejecting it would be counterproductive to therapy goals.
Any licensed mental health professional should be keenly aware of potential ethical entanglements involved in gifting, and it is up to the therapist to determine whether gifting a person in therapy may risk or promote therapeutic growth. Where there is doubt, caution is always the wisest path. It might also be argued that there are benefits of therapists providing some people, in some circumstances, with certain types of small, symbolic, therapeutic gifts. Such therapeutic gifts might be intended to represent growth and provide ongoing motivation. At the completion of therapy, a small memento may go a long way in maintaining positive change, or serve as a reminder to reach out for help in the future. Additionally, some individuals may have difficulty affording the therapeutic tools, such as journals or books, that are sometimes recommended or assigned as therapy “homework.” In these cases, within reason, a therapist might decide that gifting the individual with a homework tool is justified and appropriate.
Of course, some therapists might reasonably feel uncomfortable providing even therapeutic tools, no matter the circumstances. It’s a position few could fault them for. When therapists do choose to provide people in or completing therapy with these types of small gifts, they must consider the potential ethical issues. Therapists should never give gifts that impede the therapy relationship or promote a harmful or unsafe environment, and must be mindful of issues associated with power and control.
Below are some examples of free or low-value gifts and tools that therapists, in an informal survey, reported having given to people they worked with in the therapy room. The reasons the gifts were deemed to be therapeutically beneficial are also summarized. The general theme was this: in each case, the gift complemented the therapeutic relationship and the journey of the person in therapy.
